محمّد بن عبد الله بن عبد المطلب آخر الأنبياء والرسل بحسب الديانة الإسلامية التي دعى إليها. يعتبره المسلمون رسول الله للبشرية كافة ليعيد الناس لتوحيد الله، ويؤمنون بأنه خاتم النبيين. عند ذكر اسمه، يُلحِق المسلمون عبارة صلى الله عليه وسلم لما جاء في القرآن والسنة النبوية مما يحثهم على الصلاة عليه، ويزيدها بعضهم صلى الله عليه وآله إكراماً لأهل بيته، وكذلك صلى الله عليه وعلى آله وصحبه وسلم.
ولد في مكة في شهر ربيع الأول من عام الفيل [1] قبل ثلاث وخمسين سنة من الهجرة، ما يوافق سنة 570 ميلادياً.[2] ولد يتيم الأب وفقد أمه في سن مبكرة فتربى في كنف جده عبد المطلب ثم من بعده عمه أبي طالب حيث ترعرع، وفي تلك الفترة كان يعمل بالرعي ثم عمل بالتجارة. تزوج في سن الخامسة والعشرين من خديجة بنت خويلد وأنجب منها كل ذريته باستثناء إبراهيم. كان حنيفياً قبل الإسلام يعبد الله على ملة إبراهيم ويرفض عبادة الأوثان والممارسات الوثنية. يؤمن المسلمون أن الوحي نزل عليه وكُلّف بالرسالة وهو ذو أربعين سنة، أمر بالدعوة سراً لثلاث سنوات، قضى بعدهن عشر سنوات أخر في مكة مجاهراً بدعوة أهلها وكل من يرد إليها من التجار والحجيج وغيرهم. هاجر إلى المدينة المنورة والمسماة يثرب آنذاك عام 622 وهو في الثالثة والخمسين من عمره، بعد أن تآمر عليه سادات قريش ممن عارض دعوته وسعى إلى قتله؛ فعاش فيها عشر سنين أخر داعياً إلى الإسلام، وأسس بها نواة الحضارة الإسلامية، التي توسعت لاحقاً وشملت مكة وكل المدن والقبائل العربية، حيث وحَّد العرب لأول مرة على ديانة توحيدية ودولة موحدة، ودعا لنبذ العنصرية والعصبية القبلية.[3][4]
Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh (Arabic: ﷴ; Transliteration: Muḥammad;[2] pronounced [mʊħɑmmæd] (
listen); also spelled Muhammed or Mohammed)[3][4][5] (ca. 570/571 Mecca[مَكَةَ ]/[ مَكَهْ ] – June 8, 632),[6] is the founder of the religion of Islam [ إِسْلامْ ] and is regarded by Muslims as a messenger and prophet of God (Arabic: الله Allāh), the greatest law-bearer in a series of Islamic prophets and by most Muslims the last prophet as taught by the Qur'an 33:40–40. Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith (islām) of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets.[7][8][9] He was also active as a diplomat, merchant, philosopher, orator, legislator, reformer, military general, and, according to Muslim belief, an agent of divine action.[10]
Born in 570 in the Arabian city of Mecca,[11] he was orphaned at an early age and brought up under the care of his uncle Abu Talib. He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was first married by age 25. Discontented with life in Mecca, he retreated to a cave in the surrounding mountains for meditation and reflection. According to Islamic beliefs it was here, at age 40, in the month of Ramadan, where he received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. islām) is the only way (dīn)[12] acceptable to God, and that he himself was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein as other Islamic prophets.[9][13][14]
Muhammad gained few followers early on, and was met with hostility from some Meccan tribes; he and his followers were treated harshly. To escape persecution first Muhammad sent some of his followers to Abyssinia before he and his remaining followers in Mecca migrated to Medina (then known as Yathrib) in the year 622. This event, the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, which is also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the conflicting tribes, and after eight years of fighting with the Meccan tribes, his followers, who by then had grown to ten thousand, conquered Mecca. In 632, a few months after returning to Medina from his Farewell pilgrimage, Muhammad fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam; and he united the tribes of Arabia into a single Muslim religious polity.[15][16]
The revelations (or Ayat, lit. "Signs of God")—which Muhammad reported receiving until his death—form the verses of the Qur'an, regarded by Muslims as the “Word of God” and around which the religion is based. Besides the Qur'an, Muhammad’s life (sira) and traditions (sunnah) are also upheld by Muslims. They discuss Muhammad and other prophets of Islam with reverence, adding the phrase peace be upon him whenever their names are mentioned.[17] While conceptions of Muhammad in medieval Christendom and premodern times were largely negative, appraisals in modern history have been far less so.[14][18] Besides this, his life and deeds have been debated by followers and opponents over the centuries.[19]
